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In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift is a phonological development (sound change) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum in several phases. It probably began between the third and fifth centuries and was almost complete before the earliest written records in High German were produced in the ninth century. The resulting language, Old High German, can be neatly contrasted with the other continental West Germanic languages, which for the most part did not experience the shift, and with Old English, which remained completely unaffected. ==General description== The High German consonant shift altered a number of consonants in the Southern German dialects, and thus also in modern Standard German, Yiddish, and Luxembourgish, and so explains why many German words have different consonants from the obviously related words in English, Dutch and the Scandinavian languages.〔See also Fausto Cercignani, ''The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony'', Milano, Cisalpino, 1979.〕 The term is sometimes used to refer to a core group of nine individual consonant modifications. Alternatively, it may encompass other phonological changes that took place in the same period.〔Scholars who restrict the term "High German Consonant Shift" to the core group include Braune/Reiffenstein, Chambers & Wilkie, von Kienle, Wright (1907), and Voyles (1992). Those who include other changes as part of the shift or who treat them as connected with it include Penzl (1975), dtv-Atlas, Keller, Moser/Wellmann/Wolf, and Wells. 〕 For the core group, there are three changes, which may be thought of as three successive phases. Each phase affected three consonants, making nine modifications in total: #The three Germanic voiceless plosives became fricatives in certain phonetic environments (English ''ship'' , Dutch ''schip'' (:sxɪp), Norwegian ''skip'' (:ʃɪp) map to German ''Schiff'' (:ʃɪf)); #The same sounds became affricates in other positions (''apple'' , ''appel'' (:ˈɑpəl), ''eple'' (:ɛ:ple): ''Apfel'' (:ˈʔap͡fəl)); and #The three voiced plosives became voiceless (''door'' , ''deur'' (:døːr), ''dør'' (:døːr) : ''Tür'' (:tyːɐ̯)). Since phases 1 and 2 affect the same voiceless sounds, some scholars find it more convenient to treat them together, thus making for only a two phase process: shifts in voiceless consonants (phases 1–2 of the three phase model) and in voiced consonants (phase 3). The two phase model has advantages for typology, but it does not reflect chronology.〔Scholars who make a two-fold analysis include Bach, Braune/Reiffenstein, Eggers, Gerh. Wolff, Keller, Moser/Wellmann/Wolf, Penzl (1971 & 1975), Russ, Sonderegger (1979), von Kienle, Voyles (1992), and Wright (1907). Scholars who distinguish three phases include Chambers & Wilkie, dtv-Atlas, Waterman, and Wells.〕 Of the other changes that sometimes are bracketed within the High German consonant shift, the most important (sometimes thought of as the fourth phase) is: :4. (and its allophone ) became (''this'' : ''dies'' (:diːs)). However, this also applies to Dutch (''this'' : ''dit'' (:dɪt)) Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish, but not Icelandic (''this'' : ''dette'' (:dɛte) / ''detta'' (:dɛta) , but ''þetta'' (:θe:ʱta)). This phenomenon is known as the "High German" consonant shift because it affects the High German dialects (''i.e.'' those of the mountainous south〔See the definition of "high" in the Oxford English Dictionary (Concise Edition): "... situated far above ground, sealevel, etc; upper, inland, as ... High German".〕), principally the Upper German dialects, though in part it also affects the Central German dialects. However the fourth phase also included Low German and Dutch. It is also known as the "second Germanic" consonant shift to distinguish it from the "(first) Germanic consonant shift" as defined by Grimm's law, and its refinement, Verner's law. The High German consonant shift did not occur in a single movement, but rather as a series of waves over several centuries. The geographical extent of these waves varies. They all appear in the southernmost dialects, and spread northwards to differing degrees, giving the impression of a series of pulses of varying force emanating from what is now Austria and Switzerland. Whereas some are found only in the southern parts of Alemannic (which includes Swiss German) or Bavarian (which includes Austrian), most are found throughout the Upper German area, and some spread on into the Central German dialects. Indeed, Central German is often defined as the area between the ''Appel/Apfel'' and the ''Schip/Schiff'' boundaries, thus between complete shift of Germanic (Upper German) and complete lack thereof (Low German). The shift > was more successful; it spread all the way to the North Sea and affected Dutch as well as German. Most, but not all of these changes have become part of modern Standard German.〔Recent work suggests that future scholars may analyse German dialects in new ways, which will have consequences also for the understanding of the shift. Schwerdt (2000) has argued that the name 'High German consonant shift' is misleading and perhaps even inappropriate, as it does not adequately reflect the areal discrepancies of the individual changes undergone by the affected West Germanic dialects.〕 The High German consonant shift is a good example of a chain shift, as was its predecessor, the first Germanic consonant shift. For example, phases 1 and 2 left the language without a phoneme, as this had shifted to or . Phase 3 filled this gap ( > ), but left a new gap at , which phase 4 then filled ( > ). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「High German consonant shift」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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